日本地方立法的范围与界限及其对我国的启示

Abstract

对于日本地方公共团体的立法,可从范围与界限两方面加以认识。就其范围而言,一方面,《地方自治法》采取了＂自治事务＂与＂法定受托事务＂的二分法,重构了地方立法的事务领域,且伴随着地方分权改革的推行,地方立法的事务领域有扩大化的倾向;另一方面,虽然宪法规定了关于财产权内容、罚则以及课税方面的法律保留原则,但主流学说并不排斥通过地方立法予以规定。就其界限而言,一方面,地方立法必须符合宪法对基本人权的保障;另一方面,关于地方立法是否违反上位法的判断标准,存在＂法律先占论＂与＂最低国法论＂的观点对立。通过描摹日本地方立法的范围与界限,可以为我国设区的市地方性法规的事务领域、地方性法规与法律保留原则的关系、地方性法规是否抵触上位法的判断标准等问题提供启发。

The local legislation in Japan could be cognized from the perspectives of both the scope and the limits.As for the scope,on the one hand,the Local Autonomy Law adopts the dichotomy of＇autonomous affairs＇ as well as＇ legal entrusted affairs＇ and hence reconstructs the range of affairs of local legislation.Simultaneously,the range of affairs tends to enlarge accompanied by the decentralization reform.On the other hand,although the Constitution stipulates the principle of legal reservation in terms of the contents of property right,the penalty provision,as well as taxation,the mainstream doctrine does not reject to provide via local legislation.As for the limits,on the one hand,local legislation must conform to the protection of basic rights in the Constitution;on the other hand,in regard to the criterion identify whether local legislation violates higher-level law,there are opposing viewpoints of＇legal preemption＇and＇minimum national law＇.The delineation of the scope and the limits of local legislation in Japan could provide some enlightenment for the cognition of the range of affairs of local regulations enacted by cities divided into districts,the relationship between local regulations of the principle of legal reservation,as well as the criterion to identify whether local regulation contradict higher-level law in China.