从转对、次对到轮对——宋代官员轮流奏对制度析论
On the System of Officials Taking Turns to Talk with Emperors in the Song Dynasty
摘要
【中文摘要】宋代官员轮流奏对的途径有转对、次对和轮对,转对和次对只是名称不同,并无实质区别,而与轮对既有区别又有联系。它们均是在京官员实现面见皇帝的重要途径,具有开言路、防壅蔽、除弊政、选人才之作用。但是这些作用在宋代并不总是能够得到充分发挥,因为皇帝、权臣和官员的行为和心态均对其产生极为不利的影响。【英文摘要】Zhuandui,cidui and lundui are the approachs of officials taking turns to talk with emperors in the Song dynasty.Zhuandui and cidui,though different in names,have no essential difference,and they are different and related with luandui.All of them are important avenues by which the officials in the capital can meet the emperor and have the function of voicing opinions.But it is not always brought into full play because of the behavior and attitude of emperors, officials in power and those who take part in zhuandui and lundui.